How to use the xPack MinGW-w64 GCC
This page is intended for those who plan to use the xPack MinGW-w64 GCC binaries in their workflows.
Versioning
The version string used by the
upstream MinGW-w64 GCC project
is a three number string
like 14.2.0-1;
to this string the xPack distribution adds a fourth number,
but since SemVer allows only three numbers,
all additional ones can
be added only as pre-release strings, separated by a dash,
like 14.2.0-1. When
published as a npm package, the version gets
a fifth number,
like 14.2.0-1.1.
Since adherence of third party packages to SemVer is not guaranteed,
it is recommended to avoid referring to the xPack MinGW-w64 GCC dependency via
a SemVer expressions
like ^14.2.0-1 or ~14.2.0-1, and
prefer exact matches,
like 14.2.0-1.1.
Shared libraries
On all platforms the binary xpm packages are standalone, and expect only the standard runtime to be present on the host.
All dependencies that are built as shared libraries are copied locally
in the libexec folder (or in the same folder as the executable for Windows).
DT_RPATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH
On GNU/Linux the binaries are adjusted to use a relative path:
$ readelf -d library.so | grep rpath
0x000000000000001d (RPATH) Library rpath: [$ORIGIN]
In the GNU ld.so search strategy, the DT_RPATH has
the highest priority, higher than LD_LIBRARY_PATH, so if this latter one
is set in the environment, it should not interfere with the xPack binaries.
Please note that previous versions, up to mid-2020, used DT_RUNPATH, which
has a priority lower than LD_LIBRARY_PATH; setting LD_LIBRARY_PATH
in the environment overrode DT_RUNPATH, resulting in failures to load
the libraries.
@rpath and @loader_path
Similarly, on macOS, the binaries are adjusted with install_name_tool
(part of CLT) to use a relative path.
Miscellaneous
-static-libgcc -static-libstdc++
To avoid issues with DLLs, specific when using toolchains installed in custom locations, it is highly recommended to use only the static versions of the GCC libraries.
For C programs, append -static-libgcc to the linker line.
For C++ programs, since the toolchain is configured to use POSIX threads,
instead of -static-libstdc++, use the more explicit variant
-Wl,-Bstatic,-lstdc++,-lpthread,-Bdynamic when invoking the linker.
libwinpthread-1.dll
Due to the specifics of the MinGW-w64 build, the threading library is
not very well integrated into the build, and invoking the compiler
with -static-libgcc -static-libstdc++ does not apply to this DLL,
so the resulting binaries might still have a reference to it.
Compiler DLLs
For projects that create multiple executables, using static libraries is not space efficient, especially for C++, since the code is multiplied in all executables.
The solution is to copy the required DLLs to the folder where the
compiled .exe files will be installed (like /bin).
$ ls -l $(dirname $(bin/x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++ -print-file-name=libstdc++-6.dll))/*.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 38326 Sep 1 09:43 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libatomic-1.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 821363 Sep 1 09:43 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libgcc_s_seh-1.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 3159825 Sep 1 09:43 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libgfortran-5.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 282552 Sep 1 09:43 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libgomp-1.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 375291 Sep 1 09:43 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libquadmath-0.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 23251 Sep 1 09:43 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libssp-0.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 2222331 Sep 1 09:43 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libstdc++-6.dll
-rw-r--r-- 1 ilg staff 61838 Sep 1 09:40 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libwinpthread-1.dll
and
$ ls -l $(dirname $(bin/i686-w64-mingw32-g++ -print-file-name=libstdc++-6.dll))/*.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 37899 Sep 1 09:26 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../i686-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libatomic-1.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 923876 Sep 1 09:26 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../i686-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libgcc_s_dw2-1.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 2907410 Sep 1 09:26 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../i686-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libgfortran-5.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 301246 Sep 1 09:26 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../i686-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libgomp-1.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 557685 Sep 1 09:26 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../i686-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libquadmath-0.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 23352 Sep 1 09:26 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../i686-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libssp-0.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 2377884 Sep 1 09:26 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../i686-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libstdc++-6.dll
-rw-r--r-- 1 ilg staff 72722 Sep 1 09:23 /Users/ilg/Work/xpack-dev-tools-build/mingw-w64-gcc-14.1.0-1/darwin-x64/application/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/14.1.0/../../../../i686-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/libwinpthread-1.dll
Output folder hierarchy
The scripts build separate 32/64-bit versions of all tools, installed in
separate folders ("x86_64-w64-mingw32" "i686-w64-mingw32");
the binaries are installed in bin and are prefixed.
The target specific dependencies are also installed in separate folders
below a folder specific to the build machine (like x86_64-apple-darwin21.6.0).
├── README.md
├── bin
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-addr2line
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-ar
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-as
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-c++
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-c++filt
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-cpp
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-dlltool
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-dllwrap
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-elfedit
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-g++
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-gcc
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-gcc-12.2.0
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-gcc-ar
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-gcc-nm
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-gcc-ranlib
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-gcov
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-gcov-dump
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-gcov-tool
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-gendef
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-gfortran
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-gprof
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-ld
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-ld.bfd
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-lto-dump
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-nm
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-objcopy
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-objdump
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-ranlib
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-readelf
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-size
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-strings
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-strip
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-widl
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-windmc
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32-windres
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-addr2line
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-ar
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-as
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-c++
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-c++filt
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-cpp
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-dlltool
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-dllwrap
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-elfedit
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc-12.2.0
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc-ar
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc-nm
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc-ranlib
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcov
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcov-dump
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcov-tool
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-gendef
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-gfortran
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-gprof
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-ld
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-ld.bfd
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-lto-dump
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-nm
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-objcopy
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-objdump
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-ranlib
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-readelf
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-size
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-strings
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-strip
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-widl
│ ├── x86_64-w64-mingw32-windmc
│ └── x86_64-w64-mingw32-windres
├── distro-info
│ ├── CHANGELOG.md
│ ├── licenses
│ ├── patches
│ └── scripts
├── i686-w64-mingw32
│ ├── bin
│ ├── include
│ └── lib
├── include
│ ├── ctf-api.h
│ ├── ctf.h
│ └── libiberty
├── lib
│ ├── bfd-plugins
│ ├── gcc
│ ├── libcc1.0.so
│ ├── libcc1.a
│ ├── libcc1.la
│ ├── libcc1.so -> libcc1.0.so
│ ├── libctf-nobfd.0.dylib
│ ├── libctf-nobfd.a
│ ├── libctf-nobfd.dylib -> libctf-nobfd.0.dylib
│ ├── libctf-nobfd.la
│ ├── libctf.0.dylib
│ ├── libctf.a
│ ├── libctf.dylib -> libctf.0.dylib
│ ├── libctf.la
│ └── libiberty.a
├── libexec
│ ├── libgmp.10.dylib
│ ├── libiconv.2.dylib
│ ├── libisl.23.dylib
│ ├── libmpc.3.dylib
│ ├── libmpfr.6.dylib
│ ├── libz.1.2.11.dylib
│ ├── libz.1.dylib -> libz.1.2.11.dylib
│ └── libzstd.1.5.2.dylib
├── share
│ └── gcc-12.2.0
├── x86_64-apple-darwin21.6.0
│ ├── i686-w64-mingw32
│ └── x86_64-w64-mingw32
└── x86_64-w64-mingw32
├── bin
├── include
└── lib
24 directories, 95 files
Bootstrap
Compiling the Windows binaries require a bootstrap, which is more or less the same thing, but configured to run on Linux, not on Windows (the binaries are ELFs, not EXEs).
The bootstrap is built in a separate folder (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu),
and includes only a single target specific folder (x86_64-w64-mingw32)
since only 64-bit Windows binaries are finally created.
Note: The bootstrap cannot be replaced by an external mingw-gcc package since it is mandatory to be of exactly the same version as the final release, otherwise subtle header differences might break the build (in theory it might be possible to configure the build to use an older compiler and the current headers, but in practice this proved tricky).
DLLs
The compiled binaries refer to various DLLs.
% ls -l x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/*.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 38296 Dec 1 21:14 x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/libatomic-1.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 662864 Dec 1 21:14 x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/libgcc_s_seh-1.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 3132646 Dec 1 21:14 x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/libgfortran-5.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 261049 Dec 1 21:14 x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/libgomp-1.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 378712 Dec 1 21:14 x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/libquadmath-0.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 23251 Dec 1 21:14 x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/libssp-0.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 1990289 Dec 1 21:14 x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/libstdc++-6.dll
-rwxr-xr-x 1 ilg staff 61808 Dec 1 21:10 x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/libwinpthread-1.dll
When running the binaries, this folder must be added to the Windows path.
Using mingw-w64-gcc in testing
TODO